Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay

Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay It is a machine used to shred material into fine particles (size reduction). They have many sorts of applications in many industries, including: Milling grain, Ethanol plants (corn), Grinding used shipping pallets for mulch, Sawmills, size reduction of trim scrap and planer shavings into boiler fuel or mulch, A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock. Operation The principle of hammermill is straightforward. A hammermill is a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size. Hammer mill apple shredder for juicing. Small grain hammermills are operated on household current. Large automobile shredders could use one or more 2000 horsepower (1.5 MW) diesel engines to power the hammermill. The Screenless hammer mill uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones. It is designed to be more reliable, much cheaper more energy efficient than regular hammermills. In the feed processing process there may be a number of ingredients that require some form of processing. These include coarse cereal grains, corn that requires particle size reduction which will improve the ingredient performance increase the nutritive value. One of the methods to achieve this particle size reduction is using hammer-mills. Both hammering and rolling can achieve the desired result of achieving adequately ground ingredients, but other factors also need to be looked at before choosing the suitable method to grind. Excessive size reduction can lead to wasted electrical energy, unnecessary wear on mechanical equipment and possible digestive problems in livestock and poultry. For more in depth information regarding what actually occurs to the ingredients during size reduction please refer to this link: particle size reduction.    Mechanism of action: Hammer mills reduce the particle size of materials by impacting a slow moving target, such as a cereal grain, with a rapidly moving hammer. The target has low kinetic energy, whereas the hammer has high kinetic energy. The transfer of energy resulting from the collision fractures the grain into many pieces. Since impact is the primary force used in a Hammer mill to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction. Particles produced using a hammermill are spherical in shape with a polished surface. A wide variation in the particle size distribution would occur where there will be some large-sized and many small-sized particles. Advantages: being to produce a wide range of particle sizes suitable for friable material and fiber easy to use lower cost when compared with a roller mill easy to maintain particles produced are spherical, with a surface that appears polished. Disadvantages: Less energy efficient than roller mill May generate heat so considered as a source of energy loss. Greater particle size variability (less uniform) Noisy generate dust pollution General Design The major components of these hammermills, include: A delivery device: used to introduce the material to be ground into the path of the hammers. A rotor comprised of a series of machined disks mounted on the horizontal shaft performs this task. Free-swinging hammers that are suspended from rods running parallel to the shaft and through the rotor disks. The hammers carry out the function of smashing the ingredients in order to reduce their particle size. A perforated screen and either gravity- or air-assisted removal of ground product. Acts to screen the particle size of the hammer mill to ensure particles meet a specified maximum mesh size. Feeder design Materials are introduced into the paths of the hammers by a variable speed vein feeder. This type of feeder can have its motor slaved by a programmable controller to the main drive motor of the hammer mill. The operational speed of the feeder is controlled to maintain optimum amperage loading of the main motor. Hammer design and configuration The design is determined by operating parameters such as rotor speed, motor horsepower, open area in the screen. Optimal hammer design provides maximum contact with the feed ingredient. Hammer mills in which the rotor speed is approximately 1,800 rpm, should be using hammers which are around 25cm (~ 10 inches) long, 6.35cm (~2.5 inches) wide, 6.4mm (0.25 inches) thick. A rotor speed of about 3,600 rpm, hammers should be 15 to 20 cm (~ 6-8 inches long, 5 cm (~ 2 inches) wide, 6.4 mm (0.25 inches) thick. The number of hammers used for a hammer mill of 1,800 rpm, should be 1 for every 2.5 to 3.5 horsepower, and for 3,600 rpm, one for every 1 to 2 horsepower. Hammers should be balanced on the rods so that they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t trail one another. The distance between hammer and screen should be 12 to 14 mm (~ 1/2 inch) for size reduction of cereal grains. The velocity is important for proper size reduction. Tip speed is the speed of the hammer at its furthest edge(tip) from the rotor, and is calculated by : Range of tip speeds seen in hammermills is commonly in the range between 5,000 and 7,000 m/min (~ 16,000 and 23,000 feet per minute). When the tip speeds exceed 23,000 feet per minute, consideration must be given to the design of the hammer mill, the materials used, and the fabrication of components. Changing the rotational speed of the drive source is not a recommended method of increasing hammer speed in excess of 23,000 feet per minute. The primary force used in hammermill is the impact, which increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target provides an advantage in particle size reduction. The magnitude of the collision is increased by increasing the speed of the hammers. Screen Design The amount of open area in a hammer mill screen controls the particle size and grinding efficiency. The screen must be designed to provide the greatest amount of open area. Recommended ratio for grains would be 55 cm2 (~ 8-9 inches square) per horsepower (Bliss, 1990). The removal of sized material from a hammermill is a critical design feature. Proper output of material affects not only the efficiency of operation, but also particle size. When the correct ratio of screen area to horsepower is used and proper distance between hammers and screen face is maintained. Excessive size reduction is anti-productive. Energy is wasted in the heat production, throughput is restricted, resulting in the particles becoming too small. Most newer hammermills are equipped with an air-assist system that draws air into the hammer mill with the product to be ground. Systems are designed to provide reduced pressure on the exit side of the screen to disrupt the fluidized bed of material on the face of the screen, thus allowing particles to exit through screen holes. Some full circle hammer mills are designed so the screen is in two pieces. It is possible to use a larger hole size on the upward arc of the hammers to further reduce the amount of material on the face of the screen.    Hammer Mill Perforated Screens Hammer mills screens are used inside a hammer mill to seperate particle sizes. Particle of small diameter that has been grinded by the hammer mill passes through the screen and leaves the hammer mill with the aid of the pneumatic system. Application: Hammer Mills Uses and Advantages in Grinding Oil Seeds Other Materials Availability Hammer Mills are known as the best grinding machine for all kinds of material, besides oil seeds. A wide assortment of highly developed and advanced Hammer Mills / Disintegrators are available in the market today. They are fabricated to have a strong and sturdy body and are also available in different types, size, and capacities. These come with automatic controls, which makes the machines very easy to use. The number of hammers can also be customized as however the user requires it. Its use increases the output by a large quantity, thus saving more time and energy. Oil Seeds Grinding Grinding of seeds with Hammer Mills increases the quality level of the seeds. Some of the seeds that can be grinded and disintegrated using Hammer Mills are as follows: Cotton seeds Ground nuts Copra Soybeans, etc. Advantages of Using Hammer Mill in oil seed grinding: * Efficient grinding at the shortest time. * Time and Effort saving. * Less electricity power consumption. * Available in different capacities sizes. * Very low maintenance. Conclusion: Hammer Mill is the most common equipment used for the purpose of particle size reduction. It has wide scale of applications in grinding seeds, nuts, and beans and other materials for more industrial purposes. It has the advantage of High efficacy in the shortest time. Thus, considered time saving and less consuming for the human efforts. Beside the low energy consumption, high availability and ease of use and maintenance. It has some drawbacks the most important of which are energy loss, less uniform product and being noisy dust polluting. Its mechanism of action had been explained above in details that it acts to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction.

Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix Essay

The Matrix movie had many similarities with the readings from Plato and Descartes. All three discussed the scenario in which reality was discovered to be a non-reality. Specifically, in The Matrix, reality that was experienced by multitudes of people is actually a computer simulation called â€Å"The Matrix†. This is actually a deviation from the Plato and Descartes readings in that computers were not mentioned or available at the time of those writings. Plato (380 BC) speaks of people having their â€Å"legs and necks fettered from childhood†, while a source of the restraint is not specifically mentioned, it is most certainly a physical restraint as opposed to the material, computer generated reality as described in The Matrix movie. Descartes was the only one of the three situations that contemplated God in the various reality verses truth contemplations. Plato speaks to the initial shock of discovering that known reality is actually a lie and goes on to speak of the resulting repercussions of this discovery. The denial of the true reality is so tangible that the people in the described scenario would rather believe that the lie was real than to believe and accept what they were actually experiencing. In The Matrix movie (1999) Morpheus asks â€Å"Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real?† Similarly, Descartes (1641) also contemplates how often he dreamt that he was in familiar circumstances, dressed and by a fire, only to realize that he was undressed and lying in bed. Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix are all similar in that they consider people living in a world that they discover is not real and that they exist in perceived delusions that produce resulting anti-realities. The Matrix movie is parallel to the Descartes reading in that they both examine our senses as sources of realities. Descartes contemplates how our senses occasionally mislead us  whereas The Matrix describes a continual sensual overhaul which is controlling our mind and ultimate realities while our bodies lay dormant. In The Matrix movie Neo never expresses happiness over his liberation from the computer program but he does feel the need to liberate those still living under the control of the computer program. In contrast, the Plato reading describes and expresses a feeling of joy that would be experienced after emerging from the controlled reality. Can we prove the world we are experiencing is real? In order to contemplate how we know that our current state of being is real we must first decide what â€Å"real† is to us. What is reality? In my opinion, reality is what we see, hear, smell, feel and taste in the present. Reality is what is occurring to us right now, this very second. Is what is happening to us, the world we are experiencing, real and can we prove that it is real? How do we know we are not dreaming? It has been my experience that dreams do not produce anything but thoughts and visions. I do not feel, taste or smell while dreaming. Therefore I can prove that the world I am currently experiencing, while I type this essay, is real because I can feel the keyboard that I am typing on and I can taste and smell the coffee that I am drinking. Which is better: the harshness of reality or the â€Å"ignorance is bliss† of illusion? In my opinion, the harshness of reality is a far better state than the â€Å"ignorance is bliss† illusion. I believe this to be true because I believe that true depth of character cannot be achieved without experiencing the full harshness of reality. How can our intellects and philosophies be explored without experiencing the full range of life events? If you lived your life in ignorance then the world you experienced would skew the thoughts you pondered while excluding the full range of contemplations, restricting them to a bliss-filled reality. With intelligence comes a plethora of knowledge, both good and bad. Conclusion In conclusion, through the viewing of The Matrix and the reading of both Plato and Descartes, we can see that all three bring to mind many philosophical questions related to actual and perceived reality. Obviously, it is very fascinating to imagine a world where alternative and controlled  realities are possible and even very real. The truth is sometimes stranger than fiction and, in my opinion, The Matrix and the thoughts contemplated by Plato and Descartes are just stories that will never be reality. I believe that my Christian worldview is such that would prevent me from ever believing any different. While all of the situations explored were interesting, they will remain, in my mind, fantasies. References Plato. (380 BC). â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave.† In The Republic (Book VII, 514A1 – 518D8). Descartes, R. (1641). Meditation I of The Things of Which We May Doubt. In Meditations on First Philosophy. Wachowski, Andy, and Lana Wachowski. The Matrix. Directed by Andy Wachowski and Lana Wachowski. Los Angeles: Warner Bros. Pictures, 1999.

Medical Records and the Implementation of Health Informatics

Introduction Health Informatics or Medical Informatics is the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. Health Informatics offers resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. The applicable areas would be nursing, clinical care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health, and bio medical research. Electronic health information systems are the science that addresses how to use information to improve health care. This paper will present the concept of electronic health records (EHRs) and the current developments and analysis of the transition and implementation of health informatics in health care organizations†¦show more content†¦Electronic health records only allow access to the required information from authorized personnel. Electronic Records and Physicians The evolution of health care informatics developed in four stages. The development of bioinformatics the first stage, in the 1950s, medical informatics was the second stage in the 1960s, public health informatics, the third stage in the 1990s also consumer health informatics, the fourth stage in the 1990s. In the first stage of health care informatics, Robert Ledley was the first to use a computer for health purposes at the National Bureau of Standards, to study dental projects. The field of Health Informatics collects data from a variety of patients, and uses that information to create successful patient care. Health Informatics is a combination of computer sciences, communication technologies, biological, and cognitive sciences to address today’s health care problems utilizing data management, analysis, and transmission. Dental hygienists handle vast amounts of data in clinical practice. There are new techniques/products that they read about on the Internet, and they ask if this particular treatment would be of benefit. On the other side of the equation, we find that dental hygienists are using the Internet to search for the same types of information. However, being bombarded with a plethora of information from both sides of the spectrum, howShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Healthcare Informatics893 Words   |  4 Pagesadmittedly simplistic method of storing and accessing this vital medical information: a paper chart, pencil, and clipboard. While scrawling a diagnostic conjecture or the result of blood test on a patients official medical record sufficed until the dawn of the computing age, with the advent of mainframe databases in the early 1960s, digital data storage in the late 1990s, and cloud computing today, the concept of healthcare informatics has emerged to enable nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and otherRead MoreKey Functional Areas of Nursing Informatics1562 Words   |  6 PagesNursing informatics Key functional areas of nursing informatics There are 9 key functional areas of nursing informatics. These areas describe integrated functions of nurses, and cross from clinical practice to the informatics end. ADDIN EN.CITE Zerwekh2006267Zerwekh (2006)2672676Zerwekh, J. Claborn, J.C. Nursing today: transition and trends5th2006St. Louis, MOSaunders Elsevier HYPERLINK l _ENREF_8 o Zerwekh, 2006 #267 Zerwekh (2006) also states that nurses may also focus primarily on oneRead MoreHealth Information Technology And The Health Care Industry Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesHealth information technology, also known as H.I.T, is an area of IT that involves the development and maintenance of information for the health care industry. This technology allows for healthcare information systems to be automated and interoperable, which leads to improved medical care, lower costs and increased efficiency. Some H.I.T. professions include: clinical data analyst, CMIO and nursing informaticist. A clinical data analyst develops, designs and man ages data tracking systems and evaluatesRead MoreLegal, Ethical, And Policy Issues1392 Words   |  6 Pages Legal, Ethical, and Policy Issues, Oh My! Julia Colasurdo SUNY College of Technology at Alfred State Abstract Legal, ethical, and policy issues are an important aspect of nursing and medical informatics. Nurses should be aware of the dilemmas facing the use of informatics in the health care facilities. It is important to note the legal issues facing nursing because of the charges of negligence that can be incurred on the nurse if not aware. Ethical dilemmas of privacy including securityRead MoreElectronic Medical Records and the Nurse Informatics Specialist914 Words   |  4 PagesElectronic medical records and the nurse informatics specialist Over the years, with the technological development and digitalization of almost all the processes, there have been calls for the healthcare technology to be adopted in a wider sense of it. This has been mainly on the development of the appropriate chip and other electronic storage systems that can hold the information about each Americans medical information and any other relevant data like the physical address and the migration trendRead MoreEssay about Informatics In The Healthcare Industry1647 Words   |  7 PagesInformatics in the Clinical Area Informatics has affected many areas of the medical field. Informatics has improved the field by â€Å"helping people to revisualize and redesign their information management and knowledge management skills and learn new ways of using clinical data to mange clinical practice and patient care† (McLane Turley, 2011). The purpose for this paper is to explore informatics in streamlining paperwork, provide decision support tools, and review contribution that is made towardsRead MoreHealthcare Ecosystems1442 Words   |  6 Pages1. State Health Information Exchange Cooperative Agreement Program The State HIE program falls under The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, and funds the implementation and creation of statewide health information exchange. States can work independently to complete the task, or they can combine their finances and work together on a multi-state program. The awardees have the important job of creating and putting into action a State plan that makes sureRead MoreIs Bioinformatics A Multi Disciplinary Field?1203 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolves health information technology to improve the efficacy of health care by incorporating better quality, efficient and new technologies. Health informatics is an amalgamation of various disciplines like information science, computer science, social science, management science, behavioral science and others. There are various sub categories in health informatics like the â€Å"clinical informatics, pathological informatics, pharmacy informatics, public health informatics, c ommunity health informaticsRead MoreTaking a Look at Medical Informatics1237 Words   |  5 PagesMedical informatics are sketchily explained as the applied science at the interconnection of the disciplines of medicine, business, information technology, and consumer centered care, which is contributory for substantial and measurable developments in both healthcare quality and cost-effectiveness. Informatics is a compilation of tools, resources, and methods to enhance greater intelligence in use in regards to the latest evidence and knowledge within health and medicine. Computers and informationRead MoreIntroduction To Health Informatics Course Has Provided A Broad Range Of Health Information1051 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper The Intro to Health Informatics course has provided a broad range of health information that introduces the core concepts in the biomedical community. Throughout this course, my learning experience in health informatics has advance, for I was able to learn a list of materials including: the relationship of biomedical informatics and its related field; the roles of informatics in decision support systems and related health IT applications; and the importance of biomedicine and the

Spanish Indirect-Object Pronouns

Spanish verbs can be accompanied by direct and indirect objects. A direct object is the noun or pronoun that the verb acts directly on, while an indirect object is the person affected by the action but not acted directly upon. So in a sentence such as I see Sam, Sam is the direct object of see because Sam is the object that is seen. But in a sentence such as I am writing Sam a letter, Sam is the indirect object. The item being written is letter, so letter is the direct object. Sam is the indirect object as one who is affected by the verbs action on the direct object. Spanish Differentiates Betweem Direct and Indirect Objects If youre learning Spanish, the distinction can be important to make because Spanish, unlike English, sometimes uses different pronouns for direct and indirect objects. It is also important to note that many Spanish sentences use indirect-object pronouns where a different construction is used in English. For example, me pintà ³ la casa would typically be translated as he painted the house for me. In fact, one sign of an indirect object in English is that it usually can be understood, to use me as an example, as for me or to me. For instance, he bought her the ring is the same as he bought the ring for her. In that first sentence, her is an indirect object. (The Spanish equivalent would be à ©l le comprà ³ el anillo.) Here are the indirect-object pronouns along with their English equivalents and examples of their uses: me — me — Juan me da una camisa. (John is giving me a shirt.)te — you (singular familiar) — Juan te da una camisa. (John is giving you a shirt.)le — you (singular formal), him, her — Juan le da una camisa a usted. (John is giving you a shirt.)  Juan le da una camisa a à ©l.  (John is giving him a shirt.)  Juan le da una camisa a ella.  (John is giving her a shirt.)nos — us — Marà ­a nos da unas camisas. (Mary is giving us some shirts.)os — you (plural familiar) — Marà ­a os da unas camisas. (Mary is giving you some shirts.)les — you (plural formal), them — Marà ­a les da unas camisas. (Mary is giving you some shirts, or Mary is giving them some shirts.) Note that the direct-object and indirect-object pronouns are identical in the first and second persons. Where they differ is in the third person, where the only indirect objects (except in what is usually considered substandard speech) are le and les. Using Indirect Objects in Special Cases As some of the above examples indicate, an indirect-object pronoun is used whenever a sentence includes an indirect object, even though a pronoun might not be used in English. A further clause can be added for clarity or emphasis, but, unlike in English, an indirect pronoun is the norm. For example, le escribà ­ could mean I wrote to him, I wrote to her or I wrote to you, depending on the context. To clarify, we can add a prepositional phrase, as in le escribà ­ a ella for I wrote to her. Note that le is still typically used, even though a ella makes it redundant. Both direct- and indirect-object pronouns are typically placed before conjugated verbs, as in the above examples. They can be (but dont have to be) attached to infinitives and present participles: Te voy a escribir una carta and voy a escribirte una carta (I am going to write you a letter) are both correct, as are le estoy comprando un coche and estoy comprà ¡ndole un coche (I am buying him a car). In commands, direct and/or indirect objects are attached to affirmative commands but precede negative commands. Escrà ­beme (write me), but no me escribas (dont write me). Note that in affirmative commands and when attaching an object to a present participle, attaching the object at the end of the verb can result in an orthographic accent being needed to keep the stress on the correct syllable. If you have a direct object and an indirect object with the same verb, the indirect object comes first. Te las escribo. (I am writing them to you.) Sample Sentences Using Indirect-Object Pronouns Indirect objects are shown in these sentences in boldface. Object pronouns in regular type are direct objects or objects of prepositions. No le voy a dar el gusto a nadie de vencerme tan facilmente. (I am not going to give anyone the pleasure of defeating me so easily. A nadie is a redundant phrase; le remains necessary. The -me of vencerme is a direct object.) ¿Nunca me has visto beber algo mà ¡s que una copa de vino? (Have you never seen me drink more than one cup of wine? Beber here is an infinitive acting as a direct object.)Le construyeron un gimnasio para que pudiera ejercitarse. (They built him/her a gymnasium so he/she could exercise. Note that the indirect object here can apply to both males and females.)Queremos decirle a ella que ella forma gran parte de nuestras vidas. (We want to tell her that she makes up a big part of our lives. Que and the words following function as a direct object.)

Lord of the Flies Critical Analysis Essay - 767 Words

In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, Golding illustrates many different themes. One of the themes he demonstrates is being away from a civilized society causes a person to become barbaric. Throughout the novel the conflict is demonstrated between Jack and Ralph who represent savagery vs. civilization. The ways Golding demonstrates this theme is how the boys’ language changes throughout the story. Also the way their behavior changes, and how they lose their identities through out the novel. One-way William Golding demonstrates the theme is by the change of language. The story is based upon a group of British boys who are stranded on a deserted island. They are all brought up to be proper speaking young adults. Throughout†¦show more content†¦He first said this when he wanted to kill the sow; he then says this again when he wants to kill Ralph. Jack and his boys set fire to the island trying to kill Ralph. Claire Rosenfield states, â€Å"the narrative fo llows the children’s gradual return to the amorality of childhood, a non-innocence which makes them small savages.† Rosenfield is saying that children throughout the narrative turn into savages and become uncivilized. Compton’s by Britannica says, â€Å"The story portrays a group of school boys isolated on a coral island who gradually abandon all moral constraints and revert to savagery, including ritualistic murder.† Which means that the boys regress into savages and don’t follow morals. â€Å"Each time they re-enact the same event, however there behavior becomes more frenzied, more cruel, less like dramatization or imitation than identification.† A third way that the author portrays the theme of this novel is how the boys lose their identities. They use to all have their own identities then they formed groups. Sam and Eric, these twins, became samneric. All of the little boys became littluns, and all of the older boys became bigguns. Also h ow the boys paint their faces. They paint their faces red, white and green to in a way change who they are. When they put the paint on they act as if they’re in camouflage. Also when they have the paint on their faces they act as more barbaric. The boys throughout the story lose who they really are. They have no adult supervision orShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis1467 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the Flies is a twisted tale that blends the savagery of the human race with the civilization of everyday life. Golding shows that authority can corrupt the mind of those who try to abuse their power in the wrong way. Golding wrote in a manner that was realistic in order to show the imperfections of human nature. There was more significance behind the simple elegance of his words than just a fictional story. The many layers prevalent throughout the novel must be peeled back one by one in orderRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis877 Words   |  4 PagesThe human nature according to Sigmund Freud is composed of three psyches, the id, the ego and the superego which play an important role in the decision making human brain. In the book, Lord Of The Flies, William Golding analyzes these three components of the psychic composition of the human brain, its various manifestations and how it plays in during the formation of a government. In the book, a group of young English schoolboys, land on an abandoned island in the infancy of World War II, whereRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis815 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, was in the British Royal Navy during WWII and witnessed first hand what happened. â€Å"Such a reading takes into account the state of the world at the end of World War II† (Henningfeld 188). In the war, he fought battleships and also was put in command of rocket-launching craft. Being a soldier in WWII helped influence on why he wrote the novel, Lord of the Flies. He wa s also a teacher to young British schoolboys, and that also helped him create the charactersRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies Critical Analysis1055 Words   |  5 Pageslife, but are still taught in school, a book should teach a lesson or give food for thought, this book does. The Lord of the Flies is a novel that has become a mainstay in high school literature for decades, some detractors of this book believe that, since it has nothing to do with high school teens, its main audience, it should be removed from public schools. However, the Lord of the Flies acts as a social experiment, allowing for discussion of the way rules control our interactions in society. InRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis1864 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"This book is terrible, I don t get it, and it doesn t even make sense,† that s what most people would say about The Lord of the Flies. The reason such things are said about the book is because most don t pick up on underlying themes and metap hors William Golding uses to convey the terrifying message of the savageness that lives within all of us. Golding’s style of ambiguity, his character choice, and symbols bring the work together to express a powerful message of self control and awarenessRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis1916 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Lord of the Flies† is an outstanding, unique, and captivating novel written by the memorable William Golding. The novel is well written and eye-opening despite being relatively short and easily understandable. Golding provides a new perspective on the true nature within every person that will shock readers and leave them wondering the truth. The descriptive and gloomy diction within â€Å"Lord of the Flies† keeps readers intrigued and never bored. William Golding writes with an eerie and dark tone thatRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis2006 Words   |  9 Pagesto answer is the judgment and greed that consumes the mind of all mortals. For these reasons, it is painfully obvious that the grim grotesque core in all humans is what William Golding desperately delineates to the audience of readers in the Lord of the Flies. He created children who were nothing more than average boys and rattled their conflicts and created tension and corruption. Another key point the boys have in the deep meaning of the book is the personalities they begin with and the ones theyRead MoreLord Of The Flies Critical Analysis Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesLord Of The Flies by William Golding William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, contributes many pessimistic events that overrule the good, but there are some optimistic inputs that are added to the story. Ralph, Jack and all the other boys have been trapped on an island with very little resources, and are basically doomed from the beginning, but they all have hope including Ralph. Golding has included hope into bad situations such as Ralphs defiance to Jack’s tribe, Sam and Erics refusal to betrayRead MoreSocietal Breakdown On The Island1720 Words   |  7 PagesSocietal breakdown on the island in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is due to the inherent evil of man 3.8: Develop an informed understanding of literature and/or language using critical texts. Hypothesis: Societal breakdown on the island is due to the inherent evil of man Jason Carvalho ‘Lord of the Flies’ is the name of William Golding’s historically famous novel, yet it is more than just a title. It is a kind of statement, a way of mocking the very existences of humanity. Reading this book I cameRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessary

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 2 Free Essays

Chapter 2 The angel wants me to convey more of Joshua’s grace. Grace? I’m trying to write about a six-year-old, for Christ’s sakes, how much grace could he have? It’s not like Joshua walked around professing that he was the Son of God every day of the week. He was a pretty normal kid, for the most part. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was the trick he did with the lizards, and once we found a dead meadowlark and he brought it back to life, and there was the time, when we were eight, when he healed his brother Judah’s fractured skull after a game of â€Å"stone the adulteress† got out of hand. (Judah could never get the knack of being an adulteress. He’d stand there stiff as Lot’s wife. You can’t do that. An adulteress has to be wily and nimble-footed.) The miracles Joshua performed were small and quiet, as miracles tend to be, once you get used to them. But trouble came from the miracles that happened around him, without his volition, as it were. Bread and serpents come to mind. It was a few days before the Passover feast, and many of the families of Nazareth were not making the pilgrimage to Jerusalem that year. There had been little rain through our winter season, so it was going to be a hard year. Many farmers could not afford the time away from their fields to travel to and from the holy city. My father and Joshua’s were both working in Sepphoris, and the Romans wouldn’t give them time off work beyond the actual feast days. My mother had been making the unleavened bread when I came in from playing in the square. She held a dozen sheets of the flatbread before her and she looked as if she was going to dash it to the floor any second. â€Å"Biff, where is your friend Joshua?† My little brothers grinned at me from behind her skirts. â€Å"At home, I suppose. I just left him.† â€Å"What have you boys been doing?† â€Å"Nothing.† I tried to remember if I had done anything that should make her this angry, but nothing came to mind. It was a rare day and I’d made no trouble. Both my little brothers were unscathed as far as I knew. â€Å"What have you done to cause this?† She held out a sheet of the flatbread, and there, in crispy brown relief on the golden crust, was the image of my friend Joshua’s face. She snatched up another sheet of bread, and there, again, was my friend Josh. Graven images – big sin. Josh was smiling. Mother frowned on smiling. â€Å"Well? Do I need to go to Joshua’s house and ask his poor, insane mother?† â€Å"I did this. I put Joshua’s face on the bread.† I just hoped that she didn’t ask me how I had done it. â€Å"Your father will punish you when he comes home this evening. Now go, get out of here.† I could hear my little brother’s giggling as I slunk out the door, but once outside, things worsened. Women were coming away from their baking stones, and each held a sheet of unleavened bread, and each was muttering some variation of â€Å"Hey, there’s a kid on my bread.† I ran to Joshua’s house and stormed in without knocking. Joshua and his brothers were at the table eating. Mary was nursing Joshua’s newest little sister, Miriam. â€Å"You are in big trouble,† I whispered in Josh’s ear with enough force to blow out an eardrum. Joshua held up the flatbread he was eating and grinned, just like the face on his bread. â€Å"It’s a miracle.† â€Å"Tastes good too,† said James, crunching a corner off of his brother’s head. â€Å"It’s all over town, Joshua. Not just your house. Everyone’s bread has your face on it.† â€Å"He is truly the Son of God,† Mary said with a beatific smile. â€Å"Oh, jeez, Mother,† James said. â€Å"Yeah, jeez Mom,† said Judah. â€Å"His mug is all over the Passover feast. We have to do something.† They didn’t seem to get the gravity of the situation. I was already in trouble, and my mother didn’t even suspect anything supernatural. â€Å"We have to cut your hair.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"We cannot cut his hair,† Mary said. She had always let Joshua wear his hair long, like an Essene, saying that he was a Nazarite like Samson. It was just another reason why many of the townspeople thought her mad. The rest of us wore our hair cut short, like the Greeks who had ruled our country since the time of Alexander, and the Romans after them. â€Å"If we cut his hair he looks like the rest of us. We can say it’s someone else on the bread.† â€Å"Moses,† Mary said. â€Å"Young Moses.† â€Å"Yes!† â€Å"I’ll get a knife.† â€Å"James, Judah, come with me,† I said. â€Å"We have to tell the town that the face of Moses has come to visit us for the Passover feast.† Mary pulled Miriam from her breast, bent, and kissed me on the forehead. â€Å"You are a good friend, Biff.† I almost melted in my sandals, but I caught Joshua frowning at me. â€Å"It’s not the truth,† he said. â€Å"It will keep the Pharisees from judging you.† â€Å"I’m not afraid of them,† said the nine-year-old. â€Å"I didn’t do this to the bread.† â€Å"Then why take the blame and the punishment for it?† â€Å"I don’t know, seems like I should, doesn’t it?† â€Å"Sit still so your mother can cut your hair.† I dashed out the door, Judah and James on my heels, the three of us bleating like spring lambs. â€Å"Behold! Moses has put his face on the bread for Passover! Behold!† Miracles. She kissed me. Holy Moses on a matzo! She kissed me. The miracle of the serpent? It was an omen, in a way, although I can only say that because of what happened between Joshua and the Pharisees later on. At the time, Joshua thought it was the fulfillment of a prophecy, or that’s how we tried to sell it to his mother and father. It was late summer and we were playing in a wheat field outside of town when Joshua found the nest of vipers. â€Å"A nest of vipers,† Joshua shouted. The wheat was so tall I couldn’t see where he was calling from. â€Å"A pox on your family,† I replied. â€Å"No, there’s a nest of vipers over here. Really.† â€Å"Oh, I thought you were taunting me. Sorry, a pox off of your family.† â€Å"Come, see.† I crashed through the wheat to find Joshua standing by a pile of stones a farmer had used to mark the boundary of his field. I screamed and backpedaled so quickly that I lost my balance and fell. A knot of snakes writhed at Joshua’s feet, skating over his sandals and wrapping themselves around his ankles. â€Å"Joshua, get away from there.† â€Å"They won’t hurt me. It says so in Isaiah.† â€Å"Just in case they haven’t read the Prophets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Joshua stepped aside, sending the snakes scattering, and there, behind him, was the biggest cobra I had ever seen. It reared up until it was taller than my friend, spreading a hood like a cloak. â€Å"Run, Joshua.† He smiled. â€Å"I’m going to call her Sarah, after Abraham’s wife. These are her children.† â€Å"No kidding? Say good-bye now, Josh.† â€Å"I want to show Mother. She loves prophecy.† With that, he was off toward the village, the giant serpent following him like a shadow. The baby snakes stayed in the nest and I backed slowly away before running after my friend. I once brought a frog home, hoping to keep him as a pet. Not a large frog, a one-handed frog, quiet and well mannered. My mother made me release him, then cleanse myself in the immersion pool (the mikveh) at the synagogue. Still she wouldn’t let me in the house until after sunset because I was unclean. Joshua led a fourteen-foot-long cobra into his house and his mother squealed with joy. My mother never squealed. Mary slung the baby to her hip, kneeled in front of her son, and quoted Isaiah: â€Å"‘The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them. And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice’s den.'† James, Judah, and Elizabeth cowered in the corner, too frightened to cry. I stood outside the doorway watching. The snake swayed behind Joshua as if preparing to strike. â€Å"Her name is Sarah.† â€Å"They were cobras, not asps,† I said. â€Å"A whole pile of cobras.† â€Å"Can we keep her?† Joshua asked. â€Å"I’ll catch rats for her, and make a bed for her next to Elizabeth’s.† â€Å"Definitely not asps. I’d know an asp if I saw one. Probably not a cockatrice either. I’d say a cobra.† (Actually, I didn’t know an asp from a hole in the ground.) â€Å"Shush, Biff,† Mary said. My heart broke with the harshness in my love’s voice. Just then Joseph rounded the corner and went through the door before I could catch him. No worry, he was back outside in an instant. â€Å"Jumpin’ Jehoshaphat!† I checked to see if Joseph’s heart had failed, having quickly decided that once Mary and I were married the snake would have to go, or at least sleep outside, but the burly carpenter seemed only shaken, and a little dusty from his backward dive through the door. â€Å"Not an asp, right?† I asked. â€Å"Asps are made small to fit the breasts of Egyptian queens, right?† Joseph ignored me. â€Å"Back away slowly, son. I’ll get a knife from my workshop.† â€Å"She won’t hurt us,† Joshua said. â€Å"Her name is Sarah. She’s from Isaiah.† â€Å"It is in the prophecy, Joseph,† Mary said. I could see Joseph searching his memory for the passage. Although only a layman, he knew his scripture as well as anyone. â€Å"I don’t remember the part about Sarah.† â€Å"I don’t think it’s prophecy,† I offered. â€Å"It says asps, and that is definitely not an asp. I’d say she’s going to bite Joshua’s ass off if you don’t grab her, Joseph.† (A guy has to try.) â€Å"Can I keep her?† Joshua asked. Joseph had regained his composure by now. Evidently, once you accept that your wife slept with God, extraordinary events seem sort of commonplace. â€Å"Take her back where you found her, Joshua, the prophecy has been fulfilled now.† â€Å"But I want to keep her.† â€Å"No, Joshua.† â€Å"You’re not the boss of me.† I suspected that Joseph had heard that before. â€Å"Just so,† he said, â€Å"please take Sarah back where you found her.† Joshua stormed out of the house, his snake following close behind. Joseph and I gave them a wide berth. â€Å"Try not to let anyone see you,† Joseph said. â€Å"They won’t understand.† He was right, of course. On our way out of the village we ran into a gang of older boys, led by Jakan, the son of Iban the Pharisee. They did not understand. There were perhaps a dozen Pharisees in Nazareth: learned men, working-class teachers, who spent much of their time at the synagogue debating the Law. They were often hired as judges and scribes, and this gave them great influence over the people of the village. So much influence, in fact, that the Romans often used them as mouthpieces to our people. With influence comes power, with power, abuse. Jakan was only the son of a Pharisee. He was only two years older than Joshua and me, but he was well on his way to mastering cruelty. If there is a single joy in having everyone you have ever known two thousand years dead, it is that Jakan is one of them. May his fat crackle in the fires of hell for eternity! Joshua taught us that we should not hate – a lesson that I was never able to master, along with geometry. Blame Jakan for the former, Euclid for the latter. Joshua ran behind the houses and shops of the village, the snake behind him by ten steps, and me behind her ten steps more. As he rounded the corner by the smith’s shop, Joshua ran into Jakan, knocking him to the ground. â€Å"You idiot!† Jakan shouted, rising and dusting himself off. His three friends laughed and he spun on them like an angry tiger. â€Å"This one needs to have his face washed in dung. Hold him.† The boys turned their focus on Joshua, two grabbing his arms while the third punched him in the stomach. Jakan turned to look for a pile to rub Joshua’s face in. Sarah slithered around the corner and reared up behind Joshua, spreading her glorious hood wide above our heads. â€Å"Hey,† I called as I rounded the corner. â€Å"You guys think this is an asp?† My fear of the snake had changed into a sort of wary affection. She seemed to be smiling. I know I was. Sarah swayed from side to side like a wheat stalk in the wind. The boys dropped Joshua’s arms and ran to Jakan, who had turned and slowly backed away. â€Å"Joshua was talking about asps,† I continued, â€Å"but I’d have to say that this here is a cobra.† Joshua was bent over, still trying to catch his breath, but he looked back at me and grinned. â€Å"Of course, I’m not the son of a Pharisee, but – â€Å" â€Å"He’s in league with the serpent!† Jakan screamed. â€Å"He consorts with demons!† â€Å"Demons!† the other boys shouted, trying to crowd behind their fat friend. â€Å"I will tell my father of this and you’ll be stoned.† A voice from behind Jakan said, â€Å"What is all this shouting?† And a sweet voice it was. She came out of the house by the smith’s shop. Her skin shone like copper and she had the light blue eyes of the northern desert people. Wisps of reddish-brown hair showed at the edges of her purple shawl. She couldn’t have been more than nine or ten, but there was something very old in her eyes. I stopped breathing when I saw her. Jakan puffed up like a toad. â€Å"Stay back. These two are consorting with a demon. I will tell the elders and they will be judged.† She spit at his feet. I had never seen a girl spit before. It was charming. â€Å"It looks like a cobra to me.† â€Å"See there, I told you.† She walked up to Sarah as if she were approaching a fig tree looking for fruit, not a hint of fear, only interest. â€Å"You think this is a demon?† she said, without looking back at Jakan. â€Å"Won’t you be embarrassed when the elders find that you mistook a common snake of the field for a demon?† â€Å"It is a demon.† The girl reached her hand up, and the snake made as if to strike, then lowered its head until its forked tongue was brushing the girl’s fingers. â€Å"This is definitely a cobra, little boy. And these two were probably leading it back to the fields where it would help the farmers by eating rats.† â€Å"Yep, that’s what we were doing,† I said. â€Å"Absolutely,† Joshua said. The girl turned to Jakan and his friends. â€Å"A demon?† Jakan stomped like an angry donkey. â€Å"You are in league with them.† â€Å"Don’t be silly, my family has only just arrived from Magdala, I’ve never seen these two before, but it’s obvious what they were doing. We do it all the time in Magdala. But then, this is a backwater village.† â€Å"We do it here too,† Jakan said. â€Å"I was – well – these two make trouble.† â€Å"Trouble,† his friends said. â€Å"Why don’t we let them get on with what they were doing.† Jakan, his eyes bouncing from the girl to the snake to the girl again, began to lead his friends away. â€Å"I will deal with you two another time.† As soon as they were around the corner, the girl jumped back from the snake and ran toward the door of her house. â€Å"Wait,† Joshua called. â€Å"I have to go.† â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"I’m Mary of Magdala, daughter of Isaac,† she said. â€Å"Call me Maggie.† â€Å"Come with us, Maggie.† â€Å"I can’t, I have to go.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Because I’ve peed myself.† She disappeared through the door. Miracles. Once we were back in the wheat field Sarah headed for her den. We watched from a distance as she slid down the hole. â€Å"Josh. How did you do that?† â€Å"I have no idea.† â€Å"Is this kind of thing going to keep happening?† â€Å"Probably.† â€Å"We are going to get into a lot of trouble, aren’t we?† â€Å"What am I, a prophet?† â€Å"I asked you first.† Joshua stared into the sky like a man in a trance. â€Å"Did you see her? She’s afraid of nothing.† â€Å"She’s a giant snake, what’s to be afraid of?† Joshua frowned. â€Å"Don’t pretend to be simple, Biff. We were saved by a serpent and a girl, I don’t know what to think about that.† â€Å"Why think about it at all? It just happened.† â€Å"Nothing happens but by God’s will,† Joshua said. â€Å"It doesn’t fit with the testament of Moses.† â€Å"Maybe it’s a new testament,† I said. â€Å"You aren’t pretending, are you?† Joshua said. â€Å"You really are simple.† â€Å"I think she likes you better than she likes me,† I said. â€Å"The snake?† â€Å"Right, I’m the simple one.† I don’t know if now, having lived and died the life of a man, I can write about little-boy love, but remembering it now, it seems the cleanest pain I’ve known. Love without desire, or conditions, or limits – a pure and radiant glow in the heart that could make me giddy and sad and glorious all at once. Where does it go? Why, in all their experiments, did the Magi never try to capture that purity in a bottle? Perhaps they couldn’t. Perhaps it is lost to us when we become sexual creatures, and no magic can bring it back. Perhaps I only remember it because I spent so long trying to understand the love that Joshua felt for everyone. In the East they taught us that all suffering comes from desire, and that rough beast would stalk me through my life, but on that afternoon, and for a time after, I touched grace. At night I would lie awake, listening to my brothers’ breathing against the silence of the house, and in my mind’s eye I could see her eyes like blue fire in the dark. Exquisite torture. I wonder now if Joshua didn’t make her whole life like that. Maggie, she was the strongest of us all. After the miracle of the serpent, Joshua and I made up excuses to pass by the smith’s shop where we might run into Maggie. Every morning we would rise early and go to Joseph, volunteering to run to the smith for some nails or the repair of a tool. Poor Joseph took this as enthusiasm for carpentry. â€Å"Would you boys like to come to Sepphoris with me tomorrow?† Joseph asked us one day when we were badgering him about fetching nails. â€Å"Biff, would your father let you start learning the work of a carpenter?† I was mortified. At ten a boy was expected to start learning his father’s trade, but that was a year away – forever when you’re nine. â€Å"I?CI am still thinking about what I will do when I grow up,† I said. My own father had made a similar offer to Joshua the day before. â€Å"So you won’t become a stonecutter?† â€Å"I was thinking about becoming the village idiot, if my father will allow it.† â€Å"He has a God-given talent,† Joshua said. â€Å"I’ve been talking to Bartholomew the idiot,† I said. â€Å"He’s going to teach me to fling my own dung and run headlong into walls.† Joseph scowled at me. â€Å"Perhaps you two are yet too young. Next year.† â€Å"Yes,† Joshua said, â€Å"next year. May we go now, Joseph? Biff is meeting Bartholomew for his lesson.† Joseph nodded and we were off before he inflicted more kindness upon us. We actually had befriended Bartholomew, the village idiot. He was foul and drooled a lot, but he was large, and offered some protection against Jakan and his bullies. Bart also spent most of his time begging near the town square, where the women came to fetch water from the well. From time to time we caught a glimpse of Maggie as she passed, a water jar balanced on her head. â€Å"You know, we are going to have to start working soon,† Joshua said. â€Å"I won’t see you, once I’m working with my father.† â€Å"Joshua, look around you, do you see any trees?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"And the trees we do have, olive trees – twisted, gnarly, knotty things, right?† â€Å"Right.† â€Å"But you’re going to be a carpenter like your father?† â€Å"There’s a chance of it.† â€Å"One word, Josh: rocks.† â€Å"Rocks?† â€Å"Look around. Rocks as far as the eye can see. Galilee is nothing but rocks, dirt, and more rocks. Be a stonemason like me and my father. We can build cities for the Romans.† â€Å"Actually, I was thinking about saving mankind.† â€Å"Forget that nonsense, Josh. Rocks, I tell you.† How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 2, Essay examples

Courtroom Oberservation free essay sample

Running head: Courtroom Observation Courtroom Observation Tracy D. Camden Liberty University BUSI 301 Robert Martin April 23, 2011 Courtroom Observation This court case took place in United States District Court in the Northern District of Indiana. This is court case number 82A04-8876-CB285, White vs. Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern. The lawyers in this case are Benjamin Walton, xxxxx Van Meter who represent the defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern and Jackson Welch, Amanda Babot who represent the plaintiff Debbie White. The defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern are seeking a summary judgment which is a procedural device used during civil litigation to promptly and expeditiously resolve a case without a trail. A judge grants summary judgment only if there are no disputes as to the material facts of the case and the party is entitle to judgment as a matter of law. (1) The defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern claim there is no evidence to support that the bartender John Daniels saw any visual signs of intoxication from Edward Hart. We will write a custom essay sample on Courtroom Oberservation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means the defendant isn’t subject to any legal wrong doing. The plaintiff Debbie White is requesting the court to deny the defendants request for summary judgment. The plaintiff claims there is evidence to show the bartender John Daniels saw visual signs that Edward Hart was intoxicated. The plaintiff claims that with the amount of alcohol Edward Hart had consumed in the time he was in the Tavern there would be noticeable visual signs that he was impaired. The plaintiff’s attorney claims there are four (4) factors of actual knowledge of intoxication which would point to visual signs of intoxication. Upon leaving O’Malley’s Tavern Edward Hart crashed his vehicle into the Plaintiffs vehicle causing harm to the Plaintiff and the death of her husband. Based on the courtroom observations there appeared to be insuff evience to grant the defendant a summary judgment. The facts of the case are that Edward Hart displayed visual signs of intoxication. Opinion of decision The biblical worldview bears many answers to the For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what is due for what he has done in the body, whether good or evil. Corinthians 5:10 Proverbs 28:13 ESV / 22 helpful votes Whoever conceals his transgressions will not prosper, but he who confesses and forsakes them will obtain mercy. Deuteronomy 28:1-68 ESV / 12 helpful votes â€Å"And if you faithfully obey the voice of the Lord your God, being careful to do all his commandments that I command you today, the Lord your God will set you high above all the nations of the ea rth. And all these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, if you obey the voice of the Lord your God. Blessed shall you be in the city, and blessed shall you be in the field. Blessed shall be the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your ground and the fruit of your cattle, the increase of your herds and the young of your flock. Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl. This has always be a method for resolving disputes. Judges old testament. In the book of judges the population used juges to resolve diputes. For now central government every man did what was right in his own eyes. Judges 21:25 In those days there was no king in Israel ‘every man did what was right in his own eyes’. There was no central government and no indication of any national poliictal capital. in Shiloh Summary conclusion